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Fisiopatología de la imagen en la infección por SARS-CoV-2.

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Luis Alberto Hinostroza Izaguirre
Residente de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia

César Augusto Ramírez Cotrina
Jefe del Departamento de Radiología del Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia. Coordinador de Residentes de Radiología de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia

Resumen

COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) es una zoonosis multisistémica ocasionada por SARS-CoV-2 (Coronavirus del Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo, de tipo 2), se reportó por primera vez en la ciudad de Wuhan (China) en diciembre del 2019, siendo declarada pandemia por la OMS (Organización Mundial de la Salud) en marzo del 2020. Actualmente ocasiona un impacto significativo en la salud pública y la economía global, constituyéndose en un hito trascendental para la historia de la medicina y la humanidad.

A nivel alveolar, SARS-CoV-2 se une al neumocito tipo II a través de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina tipo 2 (ECA 2), acoplamiento que desencadena el denominado síndrome de liberación de citoquinas, respuesta inflamatoria sostenida y exagerada a una noxa externa, expresada clínicamente en compromiso pulmonar y multisistémico.

La fisiopatología de la imagen sustentada en el conocimiento de la expresión del daño histopatológico ocasionado por el virus y la respuesta inflamatoria antiviral no regulada, es fundamental para la correcta interpretación diagnóstica de los hallazgos radiográficos y tomográficos en COVID-19. El presente artículo de revisión tiene por objetivo obtener información médica relevante respecto a la génesis de la imagen a nivel pulmonar, principal órgano diana en la infección por SARS-CoV-2.

Palabras Clave

SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Fisiopatología, Radiología

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